互联网巨头「抢」民营银行牌照 「互联网 + 银行」成趋势

截至目前，民营银行中，有 8 家定位为互联网银行，其中有 6 家主要股东是头部互联网企业。入股民营银行能瞄准其更具优势的资金成本，与金融科技巨头自身的流量、获客等优势形成互补。

又一互联网巨头谋取银行牌照！

A 股上市公司三六零安全科技股份有限公司（下称「三六零」）近日宣布拟斥资 12.81 亿元认购天津金城银行股份有限公司（下称「金城银行」）30% 股权。

对 360 集团来说，获得银行牌照之后，流量和技术的优势将在牌照的基础上得以充分发挥；对金城银行来说，注入金融科技基因之后，或将迈上互联网银行发展之路。国家金融与发展实验室特聘研究员、新网银行首席研究员董希淼对《国际金融报》记者表示。

从腾讯设立微众银行、蚂蚁金服设立网商银行、百度设立百信银行，到小米设立新网银行、美团设立亿联银行、三六零收购金城银行，拥有流量与技术的互联网巨头「抢夺」银行牌照渐成趋势。

民营银行与金融科技公司（互联网巨头）加强合作是大势所趋，民营银行需借助互联网企业资源解决发展中面临的获客、风控等瓶颈问题。麻袋研究院高级研究员苏筱芮对《国际金融报》记者分析称，「金融科技公司则瞄准民营银行的牌照优势，以此获得低成本的资金，拓展更为丰富的业务类型。」

三六零将入主金城银行

依据公告，三六零拟按照 1.42388 元 / 股的交易价格，受让金城银行 5 名原发起股东合计持有的 90000 万股股份，交易金额合计为 12.81 亿元，交易完成后公司直接持有金银行 30% 的股份，成为其第一大股东。

记者了解到，出让金城银行股份的 5 名股东分别为天津德泰供应链管理有限公司、天津协合新能源发展有限公司、天津美锦资产管理有限公司、天津天利纵横贸易有限公司、晟鑫（天津）资产管理有限公司。

工商资料显示，金城银行成立于 2015 年 04 月 16 日，注册资本 30 亿元，上述 5 名原发起股东分别认缴出资 1.8 亿元，持股占比 6%。依据公告披露的财务数据，金城银行 2019 年度营收 7.37 亿元，净利润 1.7 亿元；2020 年 1 至 3 月，该行营收 1.34 亿元，净利润 1162.6 万元。

三六零表示，金城银行是天津自贸区内注册设立的唯一一家民营法人银行，也是全国首批、北方首家民营银行。公司本次拟投资入股天津金城银行，主要基于民营银行良好的发展机遇和市场前景。

此次 360 集团入股金城银行，最值得关注是 360 集团将可能获得第一大股东的地位。在民营银行五年多的发展史上，第一大股东变更是绝无仅有的。民营银行的第一大股东，往往是银行的实际控制人，对银行的公司治理、发展方向起到关键作用。上述相关安排，显示天津市地方政府相对开放的态度。董希淼称。

苏筱芮指出，「近年来，民营银行对金融科技的建设工作与日俱增，与金融科技公司加强合作是大势所趋；而部分像金城银行一样的非互联网银行，也面临着获客、风控等瓶颈问题，引入优质金融科技公司资源能够激发其传统业务活力，对其品牌知名度的提升亦存在正向作用。」

主要利好 360 金融

对于三六零将入主金城银行，有分析指出，三六零旗下美股上市公司 360 金融将是主要受益者。资料显示，360 金融主要向银行等持牌放贷机构提供智能营销、智能风控等综合性技术服务，有 360 借条、360 小微贷、360 分期等产品。

据悉，360 金融此前已与金城银行签署战略合作协议，双方在科技赋能、联合开发产品、用户服务等方面将开展长期深度的全面合作。360 金融表示，360 集团入股金城银行此举将发挥金融领域的集群效应，通过高效的战略协同进一步扩展金融生态。

未来，在与金城银行的合作中，360 金融将不断探索金融科技在银行场景的应用落地。 360 金融表示。

从业务角度看，360 金融称，一方面，二者的联合有利于各自发挥结构化优势，360 金融的科技禀赋将得到更加充分的发挥，金城银行的用户服务能力也将得到提升；另一方面，二者的深度合作将持续提升面向小微企业的服务能力，更好地践行普惠金融。

零壹研究院院长于百程对《国际金融报》记者表示，360 金融主要是以助贷的方式给金融机构提供服务，因为助贷业务比较依赖合作方，对 360 金融来讲一直都有困扰。360 金融旗下有一家网络小贷公司，但网络小贷相比于消费金融和银行牌照还是要弱不少，在杠杆和业务方面存在诸多限制。

360 能够成为金城银行第一大股东，有利于 360 金融业务发展，当然银行在产品利率、风控、监管方面都有严格的指标，规范程度要求很高。于百程称，金城银行目前规模还不算大，与 360 金融合作后发展会非常迅速，可能跃升至民营银行第二梯队。

互联网 + 银行成趋势

三六零谋取银行牌照背后，互联网巨头和银行的融合已成为趋势。早在 2014 年，腾讯发起设立首家民营银行——微众银行起，「互联网 + 银行」的大胆尝试就已经开始。随后，蚂蚁金服发起设立的网商银行、百度发起设立的百信银行、小米发起设立的新网银行、美团发起设立的亿联银行纷纷获批开业。

近日，有消息称滴滴拟发起成立东岸银行。不过，滴滴方面对此予以了否认，表示「如果未来有明确推进计划，会对市场状况、社会价值和政策指引等进行全面审慎的研究」。

截至目前，民营银行中，有 8 家定位为互联网银行，其中有 6 家主要股东是头部互联网企业。从资产规模、营业收入和盈利情况看，阿里旗下网商银行和腾讯旗下微众银行是民营银行中的佼佼者。

依据公开披露的财报数据，微众银行 2019 年营业收入 148.7 亿元，净利润 39.5 亿元，接近大型城商行的盈利水准。截至 2019 年末，微众银行的资产规模已达 2912 亿元。网商银行 2019 年营业收入 66.28 亿元，净利润 12.56 亿元，2019 年末资产规模也突破了千亿大关，达到 1396 亿元。

苏筱芮指出，近年来，金融科技巨头在金融牌照的布局上动作频频，一方面，从战略层面上来说，金融科技公司试图以「全牌照」策略来拓展更为庞大的业务规模及更为丰富的业务类型，加强自身对金融生态圈的建设；而另一方面，入股民营银行则能瞄准其更具优势的资金成本，与金融科技巨头自身的流量、获客等优势形成互补。

于百程表示，互联网巨头和民营银行合作是一大趋势，主要表现在两个方面：一方面，互联网巨头通过直接入股、发起设立等方式拥有银行牌照；另一方面，互联网巨头通过向民营银行提供用户、场景和金融科技服务，实现与民营银行的合作。
Up to now, eight of the private banks are positioned as Internet banks, of which 6 are major shareholders. Private banks can aim at their more advantageous capital costs, and the fintech giants’ own flow, customer and other advantages to form a complementary.

Another Internet giant seeks a banking license!

A-share listed company 360 Security Technology Co., Ltd. (“360”) recently announced that it intends to pay 1.281 billion yuan to subscribe for a 30% stake in Tianjin Jincheng Bank Co., Ltd. (“Golden City Bank”).

For the 360 Group, the advantages of flow and technology will be fully exploited on the basis of the licence, and for Jincheng Bank, the injection of fintech genes may be followed by the development of Internet banking. Dong Xixuan, a special researcher at the National Financial and Development Laboratory and chief researcher of New Net Bank, told the International Financial Times.

From Tencent to set up micro-public bank, Ant-Jin to set up the internet bank, Baidu set up Baidu Bank, to Xiaomi set up a new network bank, the United States set up a billion Union Bank, 360 acquisition of Jincheng Bank, with the flow and technology of the Internet giant “snatching” banking license trend.

It is the trend for private banks to strengthen cooperation with fintech companies (Internet giants), and private banks need to use Internet enterprise resources to solve the bottlenecks facing the development of customers, wind control and so on. “Fintech companies are targeting the licensing advantages of private banks to obtain low-cost capital and expand their business escants, “ Su Wei, a senior researcher at the Sack Research Institute, told the International Financial Times. 」

360 will be the main Golden City Bank

According to the announcement, 360 is to be granted a total of 90 million shares held by the five original sponsored shareholders of Jincheng Bank at a transaction price of RMB 1.42388 per share, with a total transaction value of RMB 1,281 million, and the Company will directly hold 30% of Jinbank’s shares at the end of the transaction, becoming its largest shareholder.

Reporters learned that the five shareholders of Jincheng Bank are Tianjin Detai Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd., Tianjin United New Energy Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin Meijin Asset Management Co., Ltd., Tianjin Tianli Cross Trade Co., Ltd., Yan Xin (Tianjin) Asset Management Co., Ltd.

According to industry and commerce data, Jincheng Bank was established on April 16, 2015 with a registered capital of 3 billion yuan, and the five original sponsored shareholders each paid 180 million yuan, accounting for 6%. According to financial data disclosed in the announcement, Jincheng Bank’s 2019 revenue was 737 million yuan, with a net profit of 170 million yuan, and from January to March 2020, the bank had revenue of 134 million yuan and a net profit of 11.626 million yuan.

Jincheng Bank is the only private legal company registered in the Tianjin Free Trade Zone, and is also the first private bank in the country and the first in the north, 360 said. The company intends to invest in Tianjin Jincheng Bank, mainly based on the private banks good development opportunities and market prospects.

The most notable concern of the 360 Group’s stake in Jincheng Bank is that the 360 Group will likely gain the status of the largest shareholder. In the history of private banking more than five years, the first major shareholder change is unique. The largest shareholder of the private bank is often the actual controller of the bank, which plays a key role in the bank’s corporate governance and development direction. The above-mentioned arrangements show the relatively open attitude of the local government in Tianjin. Dong said.

“In recent years, the construction of fintech by private banks has been increasing day by day, and strengthening cooperation with fintech companies is the general trend, while some non-Internet banks, like Jincheng Bank, are also facing bottlenecks such as access to customers and wind control, and the introduction of resources of high-quality fintech companies can stimulate their traditional business vitality and enhance their brand awareness. 」

Main positive 360 financial

For 360 will be the main Golden City Bank, some analysts pointed out that 360 of its U.S. listed companies 360 Finance will be the main beneficiaries. Data show that 360 Financial mainly to banks and other licensed lenders to provide intelligent marketing, intelligent wind control and other comprehensive technical services, there are 360 debit, 360 micro-loans, 360 installments and other products.

It is reported that 360 Financial has previously signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Jincheng Bank, the two sides in science and technology, joint development of products, user services and other aspects will carry out long-term in-depth comprehensive cooperation. 360 Financial said that 360 Group’s participation in Jincheng Bank will give effect to the cluster effect of the financial sector and further expand the financial ecology through efficient strategic synergies.

In the future, in cooperation with Jincheng Bank, 360 Financial will continue to explore the application of fintech in the banking scenario. 360 Financial.

From a business point of view, 360 Financial said, on the one hand, the combination of the two is conducive to their respective play of structured advantages, 360 Financial’s scientific and technological endowments will be more fully played, Jincheng Bank’s user service capacity will also be enhanced;

Yu Baicheng, director of the Institute of Zero-Yuan, told the International Financial Times that 360 Financial is mainly to provide services to financial institutions in the form of loan assistance, because the loan assistance business is more dependent on partners, for 360 financial has been troubled. 360 Finance has a network of small loan companies, but the network small loan smaller than consumer finance and banking license is still much weaker, there are many constraints on leverage and business.

360 can become the largest shareholder of Jincheng Bank, is conducive to the development of 360 financial business, of course, the bank in product interest rates, wind control, supervision, have strict indicators, the degree of regulation is very high. Yu said that the current size of Jincheng Bank is not large, with 360 financial cooperation after the development will be very rapid, may jump to the second tier of private banks.

Internet and Banking Trends

The integration of Internet giants and banks has become a trend behind the pursuit of banking licences. As early as 2014, Tencent launched its first private bank, Microbank, and the bold attempt to set up “Internet and Banking” began. Subsequently, Ant Jinfu initiated the establishment of the Internet Bank, Baidu initiated the establishment of the Bank, Xiaomi initiated the establishment of the new network bank, the United States group initiated the establishment of the Eilian Bank have been approved to open.

Recently, it was reported that Didi intends to launch the establishment of the East Coast Bank. However, Didi denied this, saying that “if there are clear forward plans in the future, a comprehensive and prudent study of market conditions, social values and policy guidelines will be carried out”.

Up to now, eight of the private banks are positioned as Internet banks, of which 6 are major shareholders. In terms of asset size, operating income and profitability, Ali’s NetCom Bank and Tencent’s Micro-Bank are the best banks in the private sector.

According to publicly disclosed financial results data, micro-bank’s 2019 operating income of 14.87 billion yuan, net profit of 3.95 billion yuan, close to the profit level of large city commercial banks. By the end of 2019, micro-bank’s assets had reached 291.2 billion yuan. NetCom Bank’s 2019 operating income was RMB6.628 billion, net profit was RMB1,256 million, and its assets at the end of 2019 also exceeded the 100 billion yuan mark, reaching RMB139.6 billion.

Su pointed out that in recent years, the financial technology giants in the layout of financial licenses, on the one hand, from a strategic point of view, fintech companies to “full license” strategy to expand the larger scale of business and more extensive business types, strengthen their own financial ecosystem construction;

Yu said that the internet giants and private banks cooperation is a major trend, mainly in two aspects: on the one hand, the Internet giants through direct equity, the initiation of the establishment of banking licenses, on the other hand, the Internet giants through the provision of users, scenarios and financial technology services to private banks, to achieve cooperation with private banks.